While speaking on the topic ‘Reclaiming Language, Space
and Body: Women Writing in Odia’ during the Second Literary Festival arranged by Samanvay at IHC, Delhi on November 4, 2012, I stumbled upon some strange
reactions from some of my colleagues. This predisposed me to think how poor our
ideas are in such areas. As the topic was related to ‘body’ and ‘women
writing,’ I marked many of the participants mingled the term ‘body’ (or exactly
to say ‘woman’s body’)with sexuality. And amusingly enough, they had very
limited ideas about female sexuality. As
a result, the total discussion roamed round the merits and demerits of
extramarital affairs. It could have been
so much more...
In my speech, I related, we have a very blunt idea
about sexuality. Common people in India can’t think more than a ‘passion’ or
‘lust’ or ‘erotica’ or ‘pornography’ while relating the term ‘female body.’ But
the term is more allied with social issues primarily affecting women in our
culture such as birth control, abortion, the family, sexual discrimination and
harassment, and rape.
In one of my essays discussing ‘discrimination with the
female body,’ I have written, “In Asian and African countries, it's a regular
practice to breastfeed girls for a shorter time than boys so that women can try
to get pregnant again with a boy as soon as possible. In the case of adolescent
girls, they are provided with less food than their brothers by their own
mothers. As a result, girls miss out on life-giving nutrition during a crucial
time in their development, which stunts their growth and weakens their
resistance to disease.
Sunita Kishor published a survey report in the
“American Sociological Review” (April 1993). In her article “May God Give Sons
to All: Gender and Child Mortality in India,” she writes, “despite the
increased ability to command essential food and medical resources associated
with development, female children [in India] do not improve their survival
chances relative to male children with gains in development. Relatively high
levels of agricultural development decrease the life chances of females while
leaving males' life chances unaffected; urbanization increases the life chances
of males more than females...Clearly, gender-based discrimination in the
allocation of resources persists and even increases, even when availability of
resources is not a constraint.” Is this not gender discrimination as related to
the body of a female?
(See: ‘Seeking a Voice for Open Questions About the
Sexual Rights of Women’ from
http://sarojinisahoo.blogspot.in/2011/01/seeking-voice-for-open-questions-about.html)
Reacting to my speech, one Kannad poetess Mamta G.Sagar commented, from the audience, she was opposing any feminist voice in
literature and stated a writer should not be a feminist but rather a humanist.
I clarified my position on how anyone could expect a discussion on the topic of
‘body’ wouldn’t reach the arena of feminism? And I also clarified my view that
I think it’s a vague statement to say a writer should not be a feminist but a
humanist. It sounds as if feminists are not humanists and the authors who
believe in patriarchal milieu are the real humanists.
But after that seminar, when I tried to know more about
Ms. Sagar, I came to know from Muse India that she likes to introduce herself
for her work on Women and Gender politics. In her Wikipedia page, she mentioned
she had acquired her Ph.D. degree in “Gender, Patriarchy and Resistance:
Contemporary Women’s Poetry in Kannada and Hindi (1980-2000).” This moved me to
write the following.
___________________________
Am I a feminist? I’m actually uncomfortable calling
myself a feminist, but not because of my perceptions of what feminism is or
who’s eligible for the label. My regular readers know the reason why I find
myself uncomfortable as I possess very different views from Western second-wave
feminists regarding their beliefs on the feminists’ milieu. To me, femininity
(rather than feminism) has a wonderful power.
In our de-gendered times, a really feminine woman is truly a joy to
behold. She can unleash her own unique yet universal femininity by just being
who she is rather than what some want her to be. Isn’t that refreshing? We are here for gender sensitivity to proclaim
gender equality. Do not man and woman
compliment one another when one strips away the not-so-hidden agendas of those
committed to quests of power and control?
‘Equality’ is a term which aims to rectify
institutional racism/sexism/ageism etc. through affirmative action and has long
been derided as being unequal treatment, in violation of the ‘one-rule-for-all’
principle. This equality is achieved when (and if) the law treats all
individuals the same, without reference to their sex, race or age. This kind of
equality leaves many ‘equalists’ happy, but still ignores the long history of
discrimination against certain groups in society which leaves them in a
disadvantaged position with no chance of carrying out their lives on an ‘equal
playing field.’ On this approach, historical grievances must be acknowledged
and rectified and a special effort must be made to bring these groups to an
acceptable position in society. This approach is often accused of being
‘unfair,’ ‘discriminatory,’ ‘racist,’ or ‘sexist’ by some ‘privileged’ groups
who began the controversy of feminism versus humanism largely for their own
purposes and maybe not for the common good.
The French philosopher and social anthropologist Michel
Foucault in his two books Discipline and Punish and The History of Sexuality,
Vol. 1 makes few references to women or to the issue of gender and he calls his
ideas of transformations in the nature and functioning of power as the theory
of genealogy, which challenges the commonly held assumption that power is an
essentially negative, repressive force which operates purely through the
mechanisms of law, taboo, and censorship. Foucault named this as
‘juridico-discursive’ conception of power and according to him the term has its origins in the practices of power
characteristics of pre-modern societies. In such societies, he claims power was
centralized and coordinated by a sovereign authority who exercised absolute
control over the population through the threat or open display of violence.
From the seventeenth century onwards, however, as the growth and care of
populations increasingly became the primary concerns of the state, new
mechanisms of power and control emerged which centered around the
administration and management of ‘life.’ In the complex story Foucault tells,
this new form of ‘bio-power’ revolved around two poles.
One pole was concerned with the efficient government of
the population as a whole and focuses on the management of the life processes
of the social body. It involved the regulation of phenomena such as birth,
death, sickness, disease, health, sexual relations, and so on. The other pole,
which Foucault labels ‘disciplinary power’, targeted the human body as an
object to be manipulated and trained. (See ‘Foucault and Feminism’by Aurelia
Armstrong. Link: http://www.iep.utm.edu/foucfem/)
Like other social anthropologists, Foucault believed
the body and sexuality are cultural constructs rather than natural phenomena.
But ironically, of those feminists who possess the same belief on socialization
of gender as Foucault called out the philosopher for his misogynist theories.
Jana Sawicki, who was known as Foucault ‘s strongest supporter, criticized
Foucault’s theory of genealogy in her book Disciplining Foucaultas being
ambiguous and a source of conflict and agreed he did not go far enough in their
direction and address their concerns with the focus on women’s experiences on
which feminism insists. She questioned: How can he say so much about sex and so
little about women? Does his gender matter?
Judith Butler, another Foucauldian feminist, though
influenced by Foucault‘s thinking of socialization of gender and body through
Nietzschean genealogy, psychoanalysis, and Derridean discourse, overlooked the
concepts of technology and strategy which form a key part of Foucault‘s
thinking.
Foucault’s humanism is a ‘strategic rejectionism.’
According to him, humanism is also the legitimizing force behind a liberal
democracy. It tells people that although they do not have power, they are still
the rulers. In short, humanism is everything in Western civilization, according
to Foucault, which restricts the desire for power; it prohibits the desire for
power and excludes the possibility of power being seized.
I think critics who stand for humanism saying feminism
is against humanism certainly support Foucault’s ideas of the rejection of
humanism. Actually, the question of Humanism was first raised by the Italian
philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778) when he announced that
"L'homme est né libre, et partout il est dans les fers" (“Man is born
free, and everywhere he is in chains."). By saying this, Rousseau
distinguishes between ‘abstract Man' and 'actual man' caught in their social
positions of conflict.
Paul Kurtz, the founder and chairman of the Committee
for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal, has edited a book
titled The Humanist Alternative, Some Definitions of Humanism (Published by
Prometheus Books, Buffalo, NY and Pemberton Books, London, 1973, 190 pages)
where we see different authors find different types of humanism, such as:
ethical humanism, religious humanism, atheistic humanism, heretical humanism,
scientific humanism, naturalistic humanism, and just humanism (without any
preceding adjective). Not all of these humanisms are different from each other
but on the other side, this list of humanism is far from complete.Similarly Tony Davies, a senior lecturer in English at
the University of Birmingham mentions "seven distinct sub-definitions of
humanism" in the Oxford English Dictionary in his book Humanism,
(published by Routledge, 11 New Fetter Lane, London). And similarly, Thomas Paine’s Rights of Man (1792) or
Thomas Jefferson's the Declaration of Independence (1776) all appeal to the
abstract singularity and universality of Man.Humanism, then, posits a ‘timeless and unlocalised’
condition, which is Frederich Nietzsche's radical insight in his book Human,
all too Human, where he writes, “all philosophers have the common failing of
starting out from man as he is now and thinking they can reach their goal
through an analysis of him. They involuntarily think of 'man' as an aeterna
veritas, as something that remains constant in the midst of all flux, as a sure
measure of things. Everything the philosopher has declared about man is, however,
at bottom no more than a testimony as to the man of a very limited period of
time. Lack of historical sense is the family failing of all philosophers.”
As a consequence, Foucault's humanism, or clearly ‘anti-humanism,’
must be seen as the developing part of Nietzsche’s idea of ‘historical philosophizing’
and with it, ‘the virtue of modesty’ by which Foucault meant ‘a healthy willingness to resist
temptation to confuse our own dispositions and values with some universal and
eternal human condition.’ According to Nancy Fraser an American critical theorist, Foucault
opposes humanism in the sense he does not support absolute government, or
torture, or the violation of rights. Rather, what he argues is that such causes
are not adequately supported or opposed by humanist liberal arguments. Humanism
is a discursive myth, and notions of autonomy and self-determination are
illusions of a liberal hegemony form of disciplinary government which fails to
recognise the historical constitution of self hood Such a discourse, in my
view, is at odds with both reason and experience. (See: “Michel Foucault: A
"Young Conservative?,” in Michael Kelly’s (ed.), “Critique and Power:
Recasting the Foucault/Habermas Debate.” Cambridge Mass.: MIT Press, pp.
185-210)
Those who are pointing to the notion feminism is an
anti-humanist activity somehow are frequently charged with a strong form of
epistemological relativism. It is important to establish the connections
precisely in order not to misrepresent feminism. Such a conception is not
metaphysical in that it does not claim to derive from a source exterior to
human beings in history. Feminism, on the other hand, should not be a war with
men but at war with history—a history defined by a patriarchy so tenacious and
entrenched, it feels almost dangerous to say the word aloud.
Because feminism is basically a humanistic philosophy
and world view, it then must be understood in terms of humanistic ideals. From
feminism’s primary concerns of equal rights, authority, and the sexual roles of
men and women flow a significant number of social, political, moral, ethical,
religious, and economic issues of importance to individuals, families,
communities, and nations as a whole. Instead of the idea that man makes himself
God, which is a core attribute of organizational humanism, we should continue
our attempts to establish that ‘human’ (not man or woman only) makes
‘themselves’ God.
I wonder then how our so-called feminist authors could
announce at an intellectual gathering feminism is not based on humanistic
philosophy. Not only Mamta G.Sagar, but many of my colleague short story
writers and poets support the notion feminism is an attack against humanism.
Amazingly enough, these writers, from time to time, claim to be feminists and
where there is a chance to benefit from feminism, they pounce on the
opportunity to be part of it.
